Research Gap

Apart from Bitcoin and Litecoin, there are no scalable blockchains and no interoperable cryptographic tokens to support the growth of the Lightning Network and leverage its multi-chain ecosystem of on-chain and off-chain payments, although Bitcoin’s second-layer protocol offers unprecedented options for executing intelligent contracts and decentralized applications.
Establishing inbound capacity for lightning nodes is a known problem today. For users, having an insufficient remote balance available is a general issue. Today, users have a hard time funding payment channels in a cost-efficient way. The reason for the shortage is the cost of providing liquidity.
Allocating bitcoin as working capital is a barrier for many lightning node operators. The volatility of Bitcoin leads to significant currency risk. Only a few network participants are willing to bear the cost of holding crypto in their lightning nodes. To grow the Lightning Network, currency risk must be reduced. Participants must offset currency risk by earning routing fees, and generate return on investment through other means (e.g., add-on services and trading), but these methods are not yet economically viable.
Operating clustered lightning nodes are required to provide sufficient connectivity and funding for secure lightning transactions. Such LN-hubs bear the risks associated to centralization. In support of the notion of decentralization and to mitigate the potential downside, it is important to demonstrate comprehensive governance and provide checks and balances to the lightning community when operating an LN-hub. Currently, tracing capabilities for fund allocation do not make transaction flows and digital cash management fully transparent. Consequently, potential fraud in LN-hubs cannot be prevented.
Issuing cryptographic token and operating decentralized applications are considered high-risk activities as its use cases and regulatory implications are not clear in most jurisdictions.
Typically, there are two means of capturing value in decentralized networks: by way of the protocol or by way of the product layer. These layers are not yet sufficiently intertwined, and the result is a limitation on the usability of the Lightning Network.

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